French wine is controlled by an Appelation system. This means, in certain areas, the wines must be of a certain grape varietal(s), and made to certain specifications. For instance, in Bordeaux, the grapes must be Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Malbec, Petite Verdot, and Cabernet France. Bordeaux can be any one, or all, and in any proportion, but if a grape used is not on the list, it cannot be labeled Bordeaux. In fact, often the wine will have to be de-classified into ordinary vin de table (table wine) which does not allow it to publish where it came from, what grapes are inside, or what year it was produced. Harsh.
The argument for the Appelation Controlee (AC) system is to preserve the integrity of place. Because of the French concept of Terroir, which is the reflection of geography/climate in the wine, and the embedded tradition of centuries, the AC system codifies and (theoretically) protects the singularity of many of France’s most famous wine region.
For instance, without the AC system, if I owned land in Bordeaux, I could make wine from whatever I wanted. It seems reasonable. That’s what they do in California, after all. But the question becomes, would it still be Bordeaux?
The logic of the AC system is based on a sort of vinuous Darwinism. Other grapes have been tried, they just didn’t suceed. The permitted varieties were the ones left standing after the dust cleared. The relationship between land and grape can be like lovers, ranging from embrace, toleration, and outright rejection. Most of us are all too horribly familiar with the moment when we realize love no longer works and, what’s more, never really did. Think of the Appelation system as a dating service, ensuring lovers are compatible.
But what of art? Rembrandt worked in oils and achieved marvelous results. Should we demand all Dutch painters do the same? If we had, would there now be generations of soulful portraits hanging in our galleries? And if so, would that be worth not having Van Gogh, who worked in water colors?
The New World way of looking at things would be to say, winemakers and vignerons must be free to express themselves. If they wish to grow Chardonnay where previously (and for centuries) there has been Syrah, then let them follow their muse. The Old World would strike back saying, pure expression is only possible within tradition. After all, the land is more than the canvas. It is a painter too.
So which side of the debate do I find myself?
I think there’s something to be said for tradition. It is rarely present without purpose or sense. But nothing can exist without air. If tradition is not to become scripture, then it must be allowed to breathe. Change happens. The land grows. It learns. When women are young they love guitar players until they grow a bit and realize they’ll never have a proper jobs. Perhaps soil is the same (I won’t strain the already thin metaphor by identifying which grapes I think are pretentious musicians). In other words, change isn’t the hard part. It’s recognizing it has happened.
So do I think winemakers should be free to paint as they please? That the whole AC system should be scrapped?
Absolutely not.
Artists work best inside limitations. In my experience, letting artists do whatever they please lead to one of two things; either complete creative paralysis or self indulgent crap. Rarely does absolute freedom result in a masterpiece. If Van Gogh had not been working in the framework of landscape painting, he never would have been able to transcend it.
One of California’s great sins (besides Los Angeles) is the brattish tendency to plant what the owner wants instead of listening to the land. While much lip service is paid to matching grapes with terroir, I rarely believe it. There can be no such problem in France. Grapes ARE matched with the land already and, if you ignore what the land has said to the government, there are wine police who will come and bust up your cabinets.
We cannot ignore the advice of centuries, nor can we assume history has already provided us all the answers. While I believe the Appelation Controlee system is invaluable, there must be a way to allow for new ideas in old places.
I’ll end with a story about comic book fans. In the world of superheroes, nothing ever changes. Fans of the genre take comfort in that fact. When confronted with the confusing and ever-fluxing world around them, they have something changeless to consume. Maybe, in the end, that’s the appeal of the A.C. Bordeaux will always be Bordeaux. Burgundy will always be Burgundy. The world changes but they stay the same. The Champagne you had last night will taste the same as the Champagne you have in fifty years.
I’ll let you decide whether that’s grand or sad.